Bibliography

Disclaimer: The following references are provided for informational purposes only and is not intended to be comprehensive. Inclusion of sources does not constitute endorsement or guarantee of outcomes. Users are encouraged to review original research for context, methodology, and applicability to individual circumstances.

The listed studies are intended to provide context and background for readers interested in vineyard sustainability, soil health, and viticulture practices. In some cases, research performed in other areas of agriculure is cited, where deemd potentially relevant for viticulture. These articles do not constitute professional, medical, or environmental advice.

Selected References Relating to Potential Environmental and Health Benefits of ‘Green Wine’ Practices

An extraction of the more comprehensive compilation created in Zotero, contact us for access

Aktar, W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: Their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7

FAO. (2015). Status of the world’s soil resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/i5199e/i5199e.pdf

Gattinger, A., Muller, A., Haeni, M., Skinner, C., Fliessbach, A., Buchmann, N., ... & Niggli, U. (2012). Enhanced top soil carbon stocks under organic farming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(44), 18226–18231. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1209429109

Lal, R. (2020). Regenerative agriculture for food and climate. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 75(5), 123A–129A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.75.5.123A

Rolet, N. (2023). The Green Wine Initiative project proposal. Chêne Bleu Estates.

Van Leeuwen, C., & Darriet, P. (2016). The impact of climate change on viticulture and wine quality. Journal of Wine Economics, 11(1), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2016.5

Soil Degradation

Borrelli, P., Robinson, D. A., Panagos, P., Lugato, E., Yang, J. E., Alewell, C., … & Montanarella, L. (2017). An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7

Lichtfouse, E., Navarrete, M., Debaeke, P., Souchère, V., Alberola, C., & Ménassieu, J. (2009). Agronomy for sustainable agriculture: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 7(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-008-0161-7

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2024). Soil health and its role in climate mitigation: Report overview. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Ong, C. (2023). Global soil health crisis and sustainable agriculture solutions. Soil Science Journal, 45(2), 120–136.

Rosier, S. (2024). Soil degradation and global food security: Challenges and solutions. Agricultural Research Review, 12(3), 45–67.

Runde, D., & Pilisuk, M. (2022). The social and economic impacts of soil loss on human populations. New York, NY: GreenEarth Press.

United Nations. (2022). Global assessment of land degradation and restoration 2022. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources

Vargas, J. (2022). Soil management and climate resilience: A comprehensive review. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 39(4), 201–223.

Joes, A. (2025). Economic costs of soil erosion and mitigation strategies. Global Environmental Economics Journal, 17(1), 34–56.

Viticulture

Mwaka, D., Chen, L., & Ruiz, F. (2024). Global vineyard management: Soil health and sustainability perspectives. International Journal of Viticulture Research, 29(1), 11–32.

Pappalardo, A., Rinaldi, M., & De Angelis, F. (2019). Soil erosion in steep-slope vineyards: Impacts of conventional vs. sustainable practices. Catena, 174, 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.11.006

Quéro, M., Santos, F., & Moreno, L. (2021). Soil organic carbon loss following forest-to-vineyard conversion in Mediterranean Arenosols. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, 67(2), 210–223.

Soil Carbon & Regenerative Agriculture

Lori, M., Symnaczik, S., Mäder, P., De Deyn, G., & Gattinger, A. (2017). Organic farming enhances soil microbial abundance and activity—A global meta-analysis. Nature Communications, 8, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-19583-8

Teng, S., Li, H., & Zhou, Y. (2024). Long-term impacts of regenerative agriculture on soil carbon and biodiversity. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 376, 108365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.108365

Beach, R., Munkholm, L., & Nielsen, J. (2018). Long-term effects of conservation tillage on soil structure, carbon, and yield. Soil & Tillage Research, 182, 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.06.002

Heath, P. (2024). Restoring the Sahel: Economic and environmental outcomes of large-scale land restoration projects. London: EarthFuture Press.

Martynoga, J. (2025). Regenerative practices in UK agriculture: Case studies and outcomes. British Journal of Soil Science, 72(1), 15–38.

Steer, A. (2014a). Grain for Green program in China: Environmental restoration and economic benefits. Beijing: GreenLand Publications.

Steer, A. (2014b). Farmer-managed natural regeneration in Niger: Lessons for sustainable development. Niamey: Sahel Research Institute.

Pesticide Overuse & Organic Practices

Food and Agriculture Organization of the TT136ZKTS Nations (FAO). (2024). Pesticides use and trade 1990–2022. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a8a8c2c8-ee36-42e8-a619-7e73c8daf8a6/content.

FAO. (2022). The state of pesticide use and regulation worldwide. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/publications.

Larsen, S., Pedersen, A., & Hansen, T. (2021). Organic viticulture: Environmental and health benefits. Journal of Sustainable Viticulture, 36(2), 88–105.

Mwaka, O., Mwamahonje, A., Nene, W., Rweyemamu, E., & Maseta, Z. (2024). Pesticides use and its effects on grape production: A review. Sustainable Environment, 10(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2024.2366555.

Perro, M. (2019). Pesticides, cancer, and diet: Evidence for risk reduction through organic consumption. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(7), 76001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4567

Robert, J. (2019). Pesticide regulation in French vineyards: Policy challenges and organic transitions. Paris: AgroParisTech Press.

Climate and Planetary Health

Beach, H. M., Laing, K. W., Walle, M. V. D., & Martin, R. C. (2018). The Current State and Future Directions of Organic No-Till Farming with Cover Crops in Canada, with Case Study Support. Sustainability, 10(2), 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020373.

European Union. (2011a). Soil: The hidden part of the climate cycle. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9bcd40f5-0f6a-4f83-acaa-e30178324e4d/language-en.

Francaviglia, R., Renzi, G., Ledda, L., & Benedetti, A. (2017). Organic carbon pools and soil biological fertility are affected by land use intensity in Mediterranean ecosystems of Sardinia, Italy. Science of the Total Environment, 599, 789-796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.021.

Fraser, E. D. (2004). Land tenure and agricultural management: soil conservation on rented and owned fields in southwest British Columbia. Agriculture and Human Values, 21(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AHUM.0000014020.96820.a1.

Havens, D., Perrin, R.K., and Fulginiti, L.E. (2023). Carbon Farming: A Preliminary Economic Analysis of Carbon Credits for No-Till and Cover Crops. University of Nebraska Lincoln. Retrieved October 17, 2024, from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agecon_cornhusker/1206/.

Lori, M., Symnaczik, S., Mäder, P., De Deyn, G., & Gattinger, A. (2017). Organic farming enhances soil microbial abundance and activity-A meta-analysis and meta-regression. PloS one, 12(7), e0180442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180442

Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources. (n.d.). Carbon Sequestration - Conservation Tillage and Cover Crops. https://bwsr.state.mn.us/carbon-sequestration-conservation-tillage-and-cover-crops.

Publications Office of the European Union. (2020). Caring for soil is caring for life: Ensure 75% of soils are healthy by 2030 for healthy food, people, nature and climate: interim report of the mission board for soil health and food. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/32d5d312-b689-11ea-bb7a-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.

United Nations. (2022). FAO warns 90 per cent of Earth’s topsoil at risk by 2050. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123462.

Health

Anses. (2023, October). Evaluation of the links between paediatric cancers and living near vineyards. https://www.anses.fr/en/content/evaluation-links-between-paediatric-cancers-and-living-near-vineyards.

l’environnement et Du Travail. https://www.anses.fr/en/content/evaluation-paediatric-cancers-living-vineyards.

Perro, M. (2019). Childhood Leukemia, the Microbiome, and Glyphosate: A Doctor’s Perspective. GMOScience. Retrieved October 17, 2024, https://gmoscience.org/2019/01/15/childhood-leukemia-the-microbiome-and-glyphosate-a-doctors-perspective/.

Pesticides

Dumitriu (Gabur), G.-D., Teodosiu, C., Cotea, V.V., Dumitriu (Gabur), G.-D., Teodosiu, C., & Cotea, V.V. (2021). Management of Pesticides from Vineyard to Wines: Focus on Wine Safety and Pesticides Removal by Emerging Technologies. Grapes and Wine. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98991.

firstvine. (2022). Farewell to customers and readers. Vine Art … from the palate of first vine wine online. https://firstvine.wordpress.com/2015/04/15/finally-some-real-data-on-pesticides-in-wine/.

Gikas, G. D., Parlakidis, P., Mavropoulos, T., & Vryzas, Z. (2022). Particularities of Fungicides and Factors Affecting Their Fate and Removal Efficacy: A Review. Sustainability, 14(7), 4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074056.

Gutiérrez-Gamboa, G., Alañón-Sánchez, N., Mateluna-Cuadra, R., & Verdugo-Vásquez, N. (2020). An overview about the impacts of agricultural practices on grape nitrogen composition: Current research approaches. Food Research International, 136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109477.

Jefferies, D. (2022). A potentially cancer-causing chemical is sprayed on much of America’s farmland. Here is where it is used the most. NBC News. Retrieved October 17, 2024, from https://www.nbcnews.com/data-graphics/toxic-herbicides-map-showing-high-use-state-rcna50052.

Larsen, A. E., Claire Powers, L., & McComb, S. (2021). Identifying and characterizing pesticide use on 9,000 fields of organic agriculture. Nature communications, 12(1), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25502-w.

Legal Information Institute (LLI). (n.d.). 27 CFR § 24.246—Materials authorized for the treatment of wine and juice. Retrieved October 17, 2024, from https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/27/24.246.

Mwaka, O., Mwamahonje, A., Nene, W., Rweyemamu, E., & Maseta, Z. (2024). Pesticides use and its effects on grape production: A review. Sustainable Environment, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2024.2366555.

Robert, A. (2019). Pesticide challenge leaving French viticulture with little choice. Euractive. https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/pesticide-challenge-leaving-french-viticulture-with-little-choice/.

Strayer, P. (2023). Napa Valley Grape Growers Cut Roundup Use in Half, Evaluate Weed Control Strategies Amidst Shifting Consumer and Community Opinions. Wine Business. https://www.winebusiness.com/news/article/280273.

Regenerative Agriculture

Altieri, M. A., & Nicholls, C. I. (2020). Agroecology and the emergence of a post COVID-19 agriculture. Agriculture and Human Values, 37(3), 525-526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10043-7.

Beach, H. M., Laing, K. W., Walle, M. V. D., & Martin, R. C. (2018). The current state and future directions of organic no-till farming with cover crops in Canada, with case study support. Sustainability, 10(2), 373. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/2/373.

Chahal, I., Vyn, R. J., Mayers, D., & Van Eerd, L. L. (2020). Cumulative impact of cover crops on soil carbon sequestration and profitability in a temperate humid climate. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 13381. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70224-6.

Giller, K. E., Hijbeek, R., Andersson, J. A., & Sumberg, J. (2021). Regenerative agriculture: an agronomic perspective. Outlook on agriculture, 50(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727021998063.

Gosnell, H., Gill, N., & Voyer, M. (2019). Transformational adaptation on the farm: Processes of change and persistence in transitions to ‘climate-smart’regenerative agriculture. Global Environmental Change, 59, 101965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101965.

Home, R., Indermuehle, A., Tschanz, A., Ries, E., & Stolze, M. (2019). Factors in the decision by Swiss farmers to convert to organic farming. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 34(6), 571-581. doi:10.1017/S1742170518000121.

KYKLOS 4.0. (2021). Consortium. KYKLOS 4.0 An Advanced Circular and Agile Manufacturing Ecosystem based on rapid reconfigurable manufacturing process and individualized consumer preferences. Retrieved November 6, 2024, from https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5e007e8ce&appId=PPGMS.

LaCanne, C. E., & Lundgren, J. G. (2018). Regenerative agriculture: merging farming and natural resource conservation profitably. PeerJ, 6, e4428. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4428.

Mangalassery, S., Sjögersten, S., Sparkes, D. L., Sturrock, C. J., Craigon, J., & Mooney, S. J. (2014). To what extent can zero tillage lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from temperate soils?. Scientific reports, 4(1), 4586. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04586.

Oenema, O., Heinen, M., Yang, P., Rietra, R. P. J. J., & Hessel, R. (2017). A review of soil-improving cropping systems: D2. 1. https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/a-review-of-soil-improving-cropping-systems-d21.

Scharmer, O. (2020, February). Global Climate Action I: The Power of Soil. https://medium.com/presencing-institute-blog/global-climate-action-l-the-power-of-soil-a951a3668b65.

Sklenicka, P., Molnarova, K. J., Salek, M., Simova, P., Vlasak, J., Sekac, P., & Janovska, V. (2015). Owner or tenant: Who adopts better soil conservation practices?. Land use policy, 47, 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.04.017.

Ten Berge, H. F. M., Schröder, J. J., Olesen, J. E., & Cervera, J. V. G. (2017). Research for AGRI Committee-Preserving agricultural soils in the EU. European Parliament. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1338342/research-for-agri-committee/1946792/.

Regenerative Viticulture

Bertrand, S., Roberts, A.S., and Walker, E. (2022). Cover Crops for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation. Retrieved October 17, 2024, from https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/cover-crops-for-climate-change-adaptation-and-mitigation.

Cabrera-Pérez, C., Llorens, J., Escola, A., Royo-Esnal, A., & Recasens, J. (2023). Organic mulches as an alternative for under-vine weed management in Mediterranean irrigated vineyards: Impact on agronomic performance. European Journal of Agronomy, 145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2023.126798.

Diti, I., Legler, S. E., Caffi, T., Rossi, V., Canali, G., Bosso, A., ... & Poni, S. (2020). A new integrated approach for management of soil threats in the vineyard ecosystem. Catena, 195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104788.

EPA. (2024). Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator. https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator.

Ghiglieno, I., Simonetto, A., Facciano, L., Tonni, M., Donna, P., Valenti, L., & Gilioli, G. (2023). Comparing the Carbon Footprint of Conventional and Organic Vineyards in Northern Italy. Sustainability, 15(6), https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065252.

Lori, M., Symnaczik, S., Mäder, P., De Deyn, G., & Gattinger, A. (2017). Organic farming enhances soil microbial abundance and activity—A meta-analysis and meta-regression. PloS one, 12(7), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180442.

Lutz, J., & Welsh, C. (2021). Soil carbon sequestration: Myths, realities, and the Biden administration’s proposals. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/soil-carbon-sequestration-myths-realities-and-biden-administrations-proposals.

Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources. (n.d.). Carbon Sequestration - Conservation Tillage and Cover Crops. Retrieved October 17, 2024, from https://bwsr.state.mn.us/carbon-sequestration-conservation-tillage-and-cover-crops.

Muneret, L., Thiéry, D., Joubard, B., & Rusch, A. (2018). Deployment of organic farming at a landscape scale maintains low pest infestation and high crop productivity levels in vineyards. Journal of applied ecology, 55(3), 1516-1525. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13034.

Payen, F. T., Sykes, A., Aitkenhead, M., Alexander, P., Moran, D., & MacLeod, M. (2021). Soil organic carbon sequestration rates in vineyard agroecosystems under different soil management practices: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125736.

Pellerin, S., Bamière, L., Launay, C., Martin, R., Schiavo, M., Angers, D., ... & Rechauchère, O. (2020). Stocker du carbone dans les sols français. Quel potentiel au regard de l’objectif 4 pour 1000 et à quel coût? (Doctoral dissertation, INRA). https://doi.org/10.15454/1.5433098269609653E12.

Pisciotta, A., Di Lorenzo, R., Novara, A., Laudicina, V. A., Barone, E., Santoro, A., ... & Barbagallo, M. G. (2021). Cover crop and pruning residue management to reduce nitrogen mineral fertilization in mediterranean vineyards. Agronomy, 11(1), https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010164.

SARE Outreach. Cover Crops and Carbon Sequestration. Retrieved October 17, 2024, from https://www.sare.org/publications/cover-crops-ecosystem-services/cover-crops-and-carbon-sequestration/.

Scandellari, F., Caruso, G., Liguori, G., Meggio, F., Palese, A. M., Zanotelli, D., ... & Tagliavini, M. (2016). A survey of carbon sequestration potential of orchards and vineyards in Italy. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 81(2), 106-114. https://doi.org/10.17660/eJHS.2016/81.2.4/.

Siepmann, L., & Nicholas, K. A. (2018). German winegrowers’ motives and barriers to convert to organic farming. Sustainability, 10(11), https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114215.

Wheeler, S. A., & Marning, A. (2019). Turning water into wine: Exploring water security perceptions and adaptation behaviour amongst conventional, organic and biodynamic grape growers. Land Use Policy, 82, 528-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.12.034.

Viticulture General

Nardizzi, V., & Werth, T. J. (Eds.). (2019). Premodern Ecologies in the Modern Literary Imagination. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487519520.

Microplastics

Chaïb, I., Doyen, P., Merveillie, P., Dehaut, A., & Duflos, G. (2025). Microplastic contaminations in a set of beverages sold in France. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2025.107719.

CPR News. (2019). Organic Farming Has A Plastic Problem. One Solution Is Controversial. https://www.cpr.org/2019/06/07/organic-farming-has-a-plastic-problem-one-solution-is-controversial/.

Klaus, J., Seeger, M., Bigalke, M., & Weber, C. J. (2024). Microplastics in vineyard soils: first insights from plastic-intensive viticulture systems. Science of the Total Environment, 947, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174699.

Wine Treatments

Antoce, O. A., & Cojocaru, G. A. (2024). Effects of Pre-Fermentative Treatments with Non-Synthetic Ternary Component Fining Agents Based on Pea Protein on the Volatile Profiles of Aromatic Wines of Tămâioasă Românească. Beverages, 10(3), https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030081.

Eaton. (2016). Eaton Helps Winemakers Meet Needs of Growing Vegan Wine Market. https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/company/news-insights/news-releases/2016/eaton-helps-winemakers.html.

Marangon, M., Vincenzi, S., & Curioni, A. (2019). Wine Fining with Plant Proteins. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(11), https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112186.

OENOFRANCE. (n.d.). OENOVEGAN® PURE. https://www.oenofrance.com/en/produit/oenovegan-pure/.

Triulzi, G., Basana, A., and Bighiani, P. (n.d.). Plant-based proteins in oenology. Wineland Media. https://www.wineland.co.za/plant-based-proteins-in-oenology/.

Disinformation

Erickson, B.E. (2018). Global cancer agency’s funding in the crosshairs: U.S. congress investigates science underlying glyphosate assessment. Chemical & Engineering News. https://cen.acs.org/articles/96/i7/Global-cancer-agencys-funding-crosshairs.html.

Hanrahan, R. (2024). Farm Bill Lobbying Exceeds $500 Million, Report Says. Farm Policy News. https://farmpolicynews.illinois.edu/2024/05/farm-bill-lobbying-exceeds-500-million-report-says/.

Kelland, K. (2016). Exclusive: WHO cancer agency asked experts to withhold weedkiller documents. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-cancer-iarc-exclusive-idUSKCN12P2FW.

Lilla, B. (n.d.). Children of the Vine. Center for Independent Documentary. https://www.documentaries.org/films/children-of-the-vine/.

Malkan, S., Klein, K., & Lappé, A. (2022, December). Merchants of poison: How Monsanto sold the world on a toxic pesticide. A case study in disinformation, corrupted science, and manufactured doubt about glyphosate. U.S. Right to Know. https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Merchants_of_Poison_Report_final_120522.pdf.

Malkan, S. (2022). Pesticide industry disinformation: What’s at stake? Health, climate, biodiversity. U.S. Right to Know. https://usrtk.org/industry-pr/pesticide-industry-disinformation-whats-at-stake-health-climate-and-biodiversity/.

Reed, G., Hendlin, Y., Desikan, A., MacKinney, T., Berman, E., & Goldman, G. T. (2021). The disinformation playbook: how industry manipulates the science-policy process-and how to restore scientific integrity. Journal of public health policy, 42(4), 622–634. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-021-00318-6.

Sayki, I. and Cloutier, J. (2023). Oil and gas industry spent $124.4 million on federal lobbying amid record profits in 2022. Open Secrets. https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2023/02/oil-and-gas-industry-spent-124-4-million-on-federal-lobbying-amid-record-profits-in-2022/.

Legal

Justia. (2020). Johnson v. Monsanto Co. https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/2020/a155940.html.